Tobacco was the main cash crop in colonial Maryland. 2. These fortunes were built on the backs of enslaved labor. Before settlement began, George Calvert died and was succeeded by h⦠Sources: 1. When Maryland began⦠the Colonial History of St. Mary's County, written by Sandy Shoemaker, illustrations by Mary Lou Troutman, 2000, orionpublications@yahoo.com. After the Civil War many landowners switched to less labor-intensive crops, such as vegetables. Starting in 1820, the US federal government required capitans to turn in passenger lists. The transition from slavery to freedom, while removing the chains of bondage, continued to provide difficult economic challenges for African American families. - Occupation 5. The major port in Virginia from the late eighteenth century forward was Norfolk, but many settlers arrive⦠In order to reduce their slaveholdings, planters used a number of strategies. Tobacco had been harsh on Maryland soils, and planters in the northern and eastern shore counties began to replace it with wheat, which required less labor. By the 1700s, tobacco had become such big business that the Acts of Assembly forced landowners to grow other crops, such as corn and grains, that could be used for food. While Maryland developed similarly to neighboring Virginia, slavery declined here as an institution earlier, and it had the largest free black population by 1860 of any state. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. It accepted the United States Constitution more readily, ratifying it on April 28, 1788. Colonial Maryland was larger than the present-day state of Maryland. The territory was named Maryland in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen consort of Charles I. Available library copies can be located through WorldCat. However, it was through the exploitation and brutality of human slavery, that sugar became a highly sought after and profitable crop. While farm laborers were still needed, they were not required at the larger rates needed before the war. This fact makes them easy to identify and associate with owners. Served as 2nd Colonial Governor of Maryland bet. In 1864, Maryland ratified a new constitution, which included provisions for the freeing of the enslaved. See also Passenger and immigration lists index. Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History. Charles I, King of England granted the charter for Maryland, a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres (49,000 km²), to Cæcilius Calvert (Cecil), 2nd Baron Baltimore in the Peerage of Ireland, on June 20, 1632. St. Maryâs County is the birthplace of Maryland. - Country of origin 6. Maryland custom, from the beginning, was to give land tracts colorful names. 1600s Irish History. How would they ensure that the appropriate amount of labor would be provided? surveyed in 1663 byJohn Gaither and Robert Proctor. Land near Antietam Creek deeded to Israel Friend by Chief of the Five Nations (recorded Nov. 1730).. 1727, Sept. Maryland Gazette, first newspaper in the Chesapeake, published by William Parks at Annapolis (until 1734). Slavery in Maryland lasted around 200 years, from its beginnings in 1642 when the first Africans were brought as slaves to St. Mary's City, to its end after the Civil War. From the late 1600s to the mid-1800s, large tobacco plantations dominated the economic and social life of Prince Georgeâs County. Description. Because of this, the slave population remained steady leading to the Civil War. Maryland also ceded some territory to create the new District of Columbia after the American Revolution. Black families also looked for work outside of the plantation, moving further north into urban areas to compete with immigrants for industrial and manufacturing jobs, or taking to the waterways to try their luck with oystering. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 6 edited by Philip Alexander Bruce, William Glover Stanard. Tobacco plantations flourished in southern Maryland during slavery.With a slave economy during the American Civil War, regional white sympathie⦠The early settlements and population centers of the province tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. In states like Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, tobacco, rice, and cotton were king, and contributed for almost all of the economic prosperity throughout the South during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1700 William Ridgely bought part fromJames Finley. The Lure of Sotweed: Tobacco and Maryland History . For enslaved African Americans, this meant continued slavery throughout most of the War; even the Emancipation Proclamation did not effect them, as it freed only those who were enslaved in the Confederate states. 1727-1731. Life on sugar plantations in the 1600s more bitter than sweet. Adventure: Anne Arundel: 50: north side of South River Some freed their slaves, either immediately or through a system called term slavery, where African Americans were enslaved until a certain age and then freed. Plantation County Acres Location Remarks : Abington (Abbington) Anne Arundel: 200: at the head of South River . - Last permanent residence (country and town) 7. Maryland Colony was a British colony that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the 13 original colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland. Westward expansion and the connection between Baltimore and the West via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad presented agricultural competition that Maryland planters could not match. In 1632, King Charles I of England granted a charter to George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, yielding him proprietary rights to a region east of the Potomac River in exchange for a share of the income derived from the land. by Dr. Henry Miller, HSMC Director of Research . Maryland agriculture has gone through numerous changes since the first colonists arrived in 1634. Settlers of Maryland 1679-1700 extends Gust Skordas's renowned Early Settlers of Maryland through the last quarter of the 17th century, identifying several thousand immigrants and their colorfully named tracts. - Age 3. Tobacco was sometimes used as money, and the colonial legislature was obliged to pass a law requiring tobacco planters to raise a certain amount of corn as well, in order to ensure that the colonists would not go hungry. There are quite a few sources, however, that include immigration information. 1727, Jan 10. Wheat, however, only required large workforces twice a year, for planting and harvest, unlike tobacco which required labor for most of the year. Supplement. In the southern counties, however, tobacco was still a major cash crop, and was part of a diversified agricultural production. The end of slavery was not the only factor that led to the decrease of agriculture in Maryland. Currently available: church records, passenger lists, Irish marriage records, and will indexes. By the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775, blacks made up nearly one-third of the region's population. The need for cheap labor to help with the growth of tobacco, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and, later, forcible immigration and enslavement of Africans. © 2020 "All of Us Would Walk Together" All Rights Reserved. Served as 1st Colonial Governor of Maryland bet. Learn about the transition from a 17th-century city to a 19th-century plantation, Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture. Charles I, King of England granted the charter for Maryland, a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres (49,000 km²), to Cæcilius Calvert (Cecil), 2nd Baron Baltimore in the Peerage of Ireland, on June 20, 1632. Like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. Manufacturing became the primary industry, resulting in booming populations in cities such as Boston and New York. Welcome to Mount Harmon, one of Marylandâs most beautiful historic sites. Served as the 16th, 18th and 20th Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1731-1732, 1733-1742 and 1746-1752, Served as 3rd Proprietary Governor of Maryland 1649-1655, Served as the 21st Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1752-1753. The barns at St. Mary’s Manor represent the various changes in agriculture throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in Southern Maryland. Like its larger neighbor, Virginia, Maryland developed into a plantation colony by the 18th century. Benedict Leonard Calvert, governor.. 1729, Aug. 8. In 1620 Edward Bennett, a rich merchant of England, interested in Virginia trade, had organized a company consisting of his nephews Richard Bennett, Robert Bennett, Thomas Ayres, Richard and Thomas Wiseman, to send two hundred settlers to Virginia. Its early settlements and populations centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. Like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered around the farming of tobacco for sale in Europe. All of these approaches had dramatic effects on the stability of African American families. Learn about the transition from a 17th-century city to a 19th-century plantation →. Volume 1: 1600 ⦠In 1634 St. Mary's City, at southern Maryland's lower tip was the site of the first Roman Catholic English settlement in North America (the site is now a living history museum). When the colonists established their first settlement at St. Maryâs City in 1634, Lord Baltimore urged the new colonists to Many of the early settlers came from the West Midlands in England, although ⦠For many Marylanders, particularly in St. Mary’s County, secession was the obvious choice. Wheat production in the state began to fall dramatically as midwestern farmers began shipping grain to Baltimore in waves. While they raised a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and livestock, the cash crop was tobacco, which soon came to dominate the provincial economy. We've categorised links by their time period so you may search Ireland's history through the ages. John Smith sailed into Chesapeake Bay and stayed for several weeks to map the shoreline. Even though there were some cases of slavery in the colony most Africans and mulattos,people of mixed race, were treated as indentured servantswho could work towards their freedom. The original charter granted the Calverts an imprecisely defined territory north of Virginia and south of the 40th parallel, comprising perhaps as much as 12 million acres (49,000 km²). laid out for John Dearing. This was a severe stigma for a nobleman in 17th century England, where Roman Catholics were considered enemies of the crown and traitors to their country. Maryland agriculture has gone through numerous changes since the first colonists arrived in 1634. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. Today, all that remains of Northampton are the ruins of the manor house, outbuildings, and slave quarters. The changing agriculture system had an effect on the use of black labor. The slave trade expanded in the following years. Colonial Maryland was a southern colony. When European colonists first began arriving in 1634, land was ⦠By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black. This new technology allowed tobacco farmers in North Carolina and Virginia to produce cheaper tobacco leaf at a greater rate, while it negatively effected the taste of Maryland’s unique leaf. 1647-1649. Bremner, Robert H., ed. Coming to Maryland as an indentured servant was often the best opportunity to own land for many people who could not in England. Sources: Wikipedia.com: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Maryland. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, Maryland was a tobacco growing colony. Maryland declared independence from Britain in 1776, with Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton signing the Declaration of Independence for the colony. Bigham, Barbara. The Jesuits had to support themselves. Baltimore County, Maryland Deed Records; Vol 1, 1659-1737; By John Davis, published 1996 by Heritage Books, Inc. Bowie, Maryland⦠Lord Baltimore (the younger) was a convert to Catholicism. Maryland’s already decreasing tobacco production dropped. Understanding the type of agriculture that plantations are adopting is a critical element of understanding the lives of African Americans: it was the need for their labor on agricultural fields that led to the emergence of the slave trade, and the profitability of cash crops such as tobacco, wheat, sugar, rice, ⦠It also meant that Maryland had the highest percentage of free blacks out of any slaveholding state in the United States heading into the Civil War. Between 1700 and 1770, the region's slave population grew from 13,000 to 250,000. When people around the world began to want more tobacco, more servants were needed to ⦠Lieutenant Thomas and Elizabeth Warren had several children, among them Thomas, heir, of Charles county. Maryland planters also made great use of the indentured servants and penal labor. A Character of the Province of Maryland. This is the 1600s, almost synonymous with the 17th century. Maryland - Maryland - The colony: In 1608 the English explorer Capt. All authorities pretty generally agree that our first Anne Arundel settlers came up from Virginia. Instead, agriculture pursuits in Maryland focused on producing perishable goods such as meat, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, and using local railways to ship these goods into urban centers such as Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia. The place to start is P. William Filby, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index (available online at Ancestry ($)). Nonetheless, the shackles of slavery had weakened, and many African Americans used the War as a means for taking their freedom through various means. This had an effect on enslaved labor, and planters began to find ways to get rid of their labor force. - Marital status 4. Its first settlement and capital was St. Maryâs City, in the southern end of St. Maryâs County, which is a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay and is also bordered by four tidal rivers. Nonetheless, white planters and black farmers entered into economic agreements that kept black families working on plantations producing limited amounts of wheat, tobacco, and perishable goods. Later lists might give: 1. After the Maryland colony was founded by English Catholics in the 1600s â the Ark and the Dove landed on St. Clements Island in the Potomac River in ⦠Slaveryas we have come to know it was not established in the colony of Maryland at the time of its settlement in 1634. In the 1800s, the Chesapeake region became a focal po⦠1634-1647, brother of Cecilius Calvert, above. This page was last modified 23:12, 26 April 2013. Others rented their slaves to other plantations or into the growing industrial sector or to urban areas such as Baltimore. Maryland was an idea of George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore, who wanted a place where all religions were allowed to practice freely. The five Southern Colonies who introduced the system of plantations were composed of the Maryland Colony, Virginia Colony, North Carolina Colony, South Carolina Colony and the Georgia Colony. Antebellum Plantations in Prince Georgeâs County, Maryland i Antebellum Plantations in Prince Georgeâs County, Maryland A Historic Context and Research Guide June 2009 The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Prince Georgeâs County Planning Department 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 www.mncppc.org For planters, this marked the beginning of a difficult period: most were concerned that the end of slavery meant the end of large scale agriculture. George Calvert petitioned King Charles I in the early 1600s for a land grant to establish a new colony. Maryland planters c⦠It was originally intended by its proprietors, George Calvertâthe first Lord Baltimoreâand his son Cecilius (Cecil)âthe second Lord Baltimoreâto be a refuge for English Catholics and a ⦠Maintaining a large workforce was expensive: food, shelter, and clothing had to be provided for a number of laborers. One of the most prominent plantations in the county was Northampton. Under the Conditions of Plantation of 1636, Thomas Copley obtained 24,500 acres, including St. Inigoes Manor near St. Mary's City. Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore led the first expedition that consisted of two ships that had formerly belonged to Baltimore's father, the Ark and the Dove, which crossed the Atlantic and founded the first settlement at St. Mary's in 1634 on land purchased from the native Yaocomico Indians. During the 18th and into the 19th centuries, however, things began to change. Today, as at the beginning of Maryland, tobacco is a controversial subject. Southern Maryland was originally inhabited by Piscataway Indians. Baltimore Town established by charter; named after Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore. Looking at a spoonful of sugar, you would never expect that is has a dark and ugly history. For Maryland planters in the northern and eastern counties, the move to less intensive crops meant that they had to reduce their slaveholdings. However, the colony of Maryland was not chartered until 1632 or formally settled until 1634. Our Early Settlers. Roedown plantation, located in the Davidsonville, MD is home to an annual steeplechase that brings over 5,000 spectators to take part in Marylandâs rich history of horse racing. colonies like Maryland, at least during the first several decades of its existence. Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, the Province of Maryland developed along very similar lines to Virginia. Understanding the type of agriculture that plantations are adopting is a critical element of understanding the lives of African Americans: it was the need for their labor on agricultural fields that led to the emergence of the slave trade, and the profitability of cash crops such as tobacco, wheat, sugar, rice, and cotton that led to the emergence of a wealthy, white, planter class and an impoverished, black, enslaved population. Finally, many sold their remaining slaves, either to the Southern Maryland counties or to the Southern states, where the demand for slave labor was growing. While these regions had slaves during the 1700s, they began to outlaw the practice by the end of the century; the need for large agricultural labor forces were becoming unnecessary as agriculture became less popular and the crops less labor intensive. These arrangements were often tenant or sharecropping arrangements. Later purchases and gifts led to the founding of other manors in southern Maryland and on the Eastern Shore. In Maryland, Baltimore sought to create a haven for British Catholics and to demonstrate that Catholics and Protestants could live together harmoniously, even issuing the Act Concerning Religion in matters of religion. Plantations in the Colonial South The agriculture system of plantations was implemented in the Southern Colonies during Colonial Times. Most records have been published. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1880. - Name and a⦠Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore led the first expedition that consisted of two ships that h⦠The following persons were among the prominent first families that immigrated to Colonial Maryland in the 1600's-early 1700's: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Maryland, https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Early_Settlers_of_Colonial_Maryland, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, 2nd Lord Baltimore, led first expedition that established Colony of Maryland. Maryland was comprised of seven original counties: In the 17th century, most Marylanders lived in rough conditions on small family farms. In the North, dependence on large cash crops and enslaved labor diminished by the end of the 18th century. The Province of Maryland was established as an English Colony in 1632, and began as a proprietary colony of the British Lords Baltimore, who wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the new world. Maryland’s status heading into the Civil War was hotly debated. i LIST OF COLONIAL IMMIGRANTS The following alphabetized list includes the names of the seventeenth-century immigrants whose Plantagenet ancestry is the subject of this book, together with several immigrants after 1701 who have been incidentally However, pressure from the Federal Government resulted in Maryland remaining part of the Union. Gradually, the labor force transitioned from indentured servants to enslaved Africans, and by the Revolutionary War they comprised the large majority of agricultural labor. Maryland developed into a plantation colony by the 18th century. Captain John Smith explored the area in 1608 and 1609. In 1690 John Browne sold to James Finley and John Gaither. The early lists usually named every passenger, but little else. Slavery in the Chesapeake region began in 1619, when a Dutch trading vessel carrying 20 African men entered Jamestown, Virginia. In early Maryland, as it was in Virginia, people of African descent (though small in number) could be found working side-by-side with folks of European descent as indentured servants. Very few passenger lists exist for immigrants entering colonial Virginia. "Colonists in Bondage: Indentured Servants in America.â Early American Life 10 (October 1979): 30-33, 83-4. - Name 2. The first colonists to Maryland arrive at St. Clements Island on Marylands western shore and found the settlement of St. Marys. In the 1776-77 debates over the Articles of Confederation, Maryland delegates led the party that insisted that states with western land claims cede them to the Confederation government, and in 1781, Maryland became the last state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. Planters also made great use of the province tended to cluster around the of! Production also decreased, the region 's population federal government resulted in Maryland remaining part of the most prominent in... 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