grain yield of sorghum. Cotton, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, tobacco, several legumes, vegetables, Selection of maize hybrids with tight husk, : Sugarcane, wheat, coconut, groundnut cotton. abstaining from unwarranted sprays of chemical pesticides. Foliage beetles, flower thrips, pollen beetles, pod borers, pod bugs, and sap suckers such as aphids also inflict significant damage. These insect pests of maize cause damage to the plant and these cause stress to the plant. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. mays) known in many countries as corn or mielie/mealie, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric time The leafy stalk produces ears which contain seeds called kernels.Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or starch. The caterpillars bore into the stem of maize, feed on the internal tissues and cause the plant to wither and die. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) revealed significant resistance to bean fly in the Ugandan traditional varieties. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize.Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize.Atherigona spp. The incidence of bean fly infestation on both varieties in mixtures with different arrangements (systematic random versus rows), and different proportions within each of the two arrangements, was measured and analysed using GLMMs. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. All content in this area was uploaded by Pradyumn Kumar on Jun 24, 2020, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, maize because of its colossal production of pollen grains. In Zimbabwe, grain damage of 92 percentage in stored maize was reported due to insect pests. American Society of Agronomy, Kaur Jaswinder, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, Suby SB and Deva Ram Bajya. season, and also in spring in Haryana and Punjab. and Sharma, C. (1954). It also includes One of the most common insects that cause damage to maize is a corn earworm. Agarwal, S.B.D. tuberculifer Wesmael,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Chelonus obscuratus (Herrich Schäffer) (an egg-larval parasitoid),Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday); the ichneumonid larval parasitoidsHyposoter didymator (Thunberg) andSinophorus xanthostomus Gravenhorst; and the egg parasitoidTrichogramma evanescens (Westwood) were found to be the natural enemies attacking the pest. Egg, Kumar Pradyumn, Jalali, B. L., Kumar Surender and Singh Amerika (2001). Ears and shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected. A removable inner cup was used to reduce the quantity of vermiculite which must be searched for thc retrieval of cutworms. Sci. A large number of natural enemies are also attracted to maize because of its colossal production of pollen grains. The losses caused by insect pests in maize crop ranges from 5% to 15%. determined to be 10-15 days old plants. Dari . The earlier literature cites over 160 insect and mite species which attack maize crop (Fletcher. The pest scenario is therefore, different in different ecological zones. Studies on the ecology and control of. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. 226238 dated 15 December, National Symposium on Biotechnological Approaches for the, (Ed. (1961). MAIZE DISEASES VI. Southern rust pustules have a yellow halo surrounding the pustules when the leaf is held against light. MAIZE:Post-harvest Operations Page 2 1. Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) • Most destructive pests of maize and sorghum. management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. Bacterial diseases; Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp. Pest or disease Tissue/organ Cell wall component References Despite the use of existing pest management approaches, reported damage has remained high. The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. application of phytochemicals associated with P. longum in insect pests control may be an alternative to currently used chemical pesticides for development of target specific, biodegradable into nontoxic products, safer and potentially suitable to use in integrated pests management programmes. The summarization of all recent works on, The bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) wings are greyish white with grey margins. PESTS OF MAIZE Presented by: Ch.Naga Satyasri M.Sc(Ag)-I year 2 3. Crop damage occurs because the larvae bored into the stems of plants to get food. Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and W, appearance, plump and dark brown in colour. (1959). Most of the important diseases of maize are foliar and the more common ones are rusts, leaf blights, leaf spots, brown spots, downy mildew, and maize streak virus (MSV).. h�bbd```b``.�� �ID���H_0{=��̞&�H��`v�� l�r��Y���iSA$�1i�D�%IF!����� "�[@�� v�;�RØ9�����_��L@�ˀ���H�?��/ �� endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 185 0 obj <>stream the leaves and shoot. Soil insects can significantly affect establishment as can other establishment pests in some seasons or high risk situations. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. In many African countries, the average maize yield per hectare is very low. A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in Africa. Irrigation of field also reduces termite for a short period. There is a man called Dr ehiaguna a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from HSV (2), i had suffered from this diseases for the past 5 years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it. growing plants either below the surface or above the ground. Learn more about the importance, transmission, diagnosis, and control of plant diseases. (1987) reported this pest as a serious pest in Kullu Himachal Pradesh. Occurrence and biology of maize shoot fly in India. In addition, cross-links are also discussed to be involved in genetic resistance of maize to fungus diseases as Gibberella ear and stalk rot. Transboundary plant pests and diseases affect food crops, causing significant losses to farmers and threatening food security.. Int. The nymphs moult and develop into adults. damage from bean stem maggot were collected. SINCE 1856 Wied. It is a s. monocrotophos or 0.2% carbaryl or 0.04% triazophos or 0.075% acephate is recommended. Shoot bug sucks sap from the leaf whorls, between the leaf sheath and the stem. h�b```�$V�&!ʰ2�0p\8����ѠАm@(��z��A� �� �'>���w)�� -���P�!���GC��-����4W��bdf(�`(�{������)�l̎ ����`��)j,`�{����Z" " m�Qi � 0Ne`hfZϴ�Y�Y���ٗE��.�,���oFvC+^�3v���Rj��C�Ef�fp��7������$�9 ̱�'@!�6�=X��H`�) �eT 0 �ڂ8 endstream endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 93 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 144 0 obj <>stream Maize is subject to attack by a number of pests and diseases, mainly in insect pests (stalk borers and armyworms) and soil pests (wireworms and rootworms). Southern Corn Rust. During severe infestation, black mould develops on the honeydew, secreted by nymphs and adults, which reduce photosynthesis and thereby affecting yield. Destruction of plant debris by deep ploughing and other methods. The number of eggs laid on HQPM 1 was 47.7 % more than the number of eggs laid on Basi Local. maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. Tomatoes are one of the most cultivated crops, Tomato crops can be easily grown under proper conditions and regular maintenance.Tomato crops can host of production problems and pathogens when conditions and maintenance are not ideal. Avoid sowing new ground with maize after pasture in areas that have a known history of white grubs. Plant diseases can be classified as infectious or noninfectious, depending on the causative agent. agents and their vectors as well as the interactions between the vectors and their habitat. Lesions are pale brown or grey to tan, long, narrow and rectangular, being characteristically restricted by veins 2. Lindane and trichlorphon resulted in the yields of 39.48-45.78 q/ha. Mathur, LML. All rights reserved. The maize stalkborer, Busseola fusca, is the most serious insect pest of maize in South Africa, and has caused enormous crop losses (estimated at more than 10% of the national crop).The use of pheromone moth traps has greatly enhanced timeous spraying against this pest. Globalization, trade and climate change, as well as reduced resilience in production systems due to decades of agricultural intensification, have all played a part. develop through two larval and two pupal instars. Hence, this document aimed to provide comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests of maize. Data on bean fly incidence, severity and root. Vitamin deficiency diseases pdfdiseases of maize pdf List of maize diseases – Wikipedia PDF Crop Pests and Diseases. The content of the report was discussed with the Government in several occasions, in particular with the Department for Crop Protection and the Commissioner Mr. Byantwale T. Stephen that participated in the Cultural control methods serve today as a central pivot in the implementation of IPM. is widespread in Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal. Bibliography of Maize Pests in India. Abstract. The egg distribution within a plant showed significantly more percentage (58.57) of eggs on first leaf sheath followed by second leaf sheath (27.19) and least number on basal leaf sheath (14.24). development is completed in 12-15 days. and Kaushal, K.K. Spraying of 5% neem seed kernel extract for the management of early instar larvae, Spraying of quinalphos 2 mL or monocrotophos 1.6 mL or neem formulations 5 mL/L, . Spraying of dicofol (kelthane 18.5 EC) 0.0185% or dusting with sulphur or spray, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, : Sorghum and pearl millet, rose, cabbage and cauliflower. on underground parts such as roots of seedlings and older plants. Pathogen/Disease description: Southern rust pustules are circular to oval light brown to orange and occur in clusters mainly on the upper side of the leaf. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. formulations are very effective in the control of cut worm. The highest reduction in root damage, obvious 21 days after planting, was found in systematic random mixtures with at least 50 % of the resistant variety. Insect pests of maize in Rajasthan. Control Measures for Downy Mildew Diseases. In Zimbabwe, grain damage of 92 percentage in stored maize was reported due to insect pests. and Singh, S.P, Srivastava, A.S., Srivastava, K.M., Katiyar, Srivastava, B.K. Maize can be attacked by a wide range of insects, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests. SINCE 1856 Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv.holcicola. By understanding the pest bioecology, pest management in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. In a few weeks the moths emerge to mate and deposit eggs. In 1982 caterpillars were only seen at a few places (not as a pest) feeding on wild grasses. Trehan, K.N. Forty-eight traditional and improved common bean varieties currently grown in farmers’ fields were evaluated for resistance against bean fly. Annual report 2013-2014. ��h��9�")i(�J��#Β�_�6c�)C�����(�y��������H�~����P�€0c+W[I��cE"aƨp �B�Jt�(ጢİ�P�8v"4�¹`����f�K����$_��O~㔇1^ӫ��]�0��/�?CJg�'�9��T�8��@�F. Crop pests and diseases. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Some South Indian Insects and Other Animals of Importance, Indian Patent No. High beet armyworm population levels Maize can be very susceptible to many different diseases. Introduction The maize (Zea mays L.) is a monoic annual plant which belongs to maideas tribe and the grass family of gramineae, and their cells have 2n chromosomes. agro-ecosystem as such is very unstable, however, maize provide a very congenial, proved beyond doubt in several lepidopterous pests in, one corner of the field avoids the carryover of infestation as the larvae hibernate in, Alternatively spray carbaryl @ 2.5g/L water. The total oviposition period was observed to be seven days with average fecundity as 405 and maximum number of eggs (174) obtained on second day of emergence of adults. ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa. Maize stalk borers are pests of maize, sorghum and other crops throughout many countries in Africa. Maize sown late suffers little borer damage, as by then the egg parasite Trichogramma is able to keep down the population of the pest. Maize Field Guide Maize Crop Development, Pests and Diseases. Hence, the quarantine pests and diseases are to be identified through Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) study. Insect pests of maize and their control. This paper reviews the current status of insect pests of beans, focusing on their ecology and management, as well as the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in subsistence farming conditions, under which most beans are grown in Africa. The loss caused was. Biology of an ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator Thunb. (2000). In 1983 a serious outbreak of armyworm (Mythimna separata) occurred in maize seedlings, almost completely destroying the crop. Other pests Sucking pests. The number of eggs was divided unequally when two plants were made available with the first plant receiving 60-70% of the eggs. The pest can be controlled through a combination Thrips rasp plant tissue and suck plant juices; leaves appear sand-blasted, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and peninsular India, Sorghum, pearl millet, rice, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables, Both nymphs and adults feed by sucking sap, congregating underside of. Tomato Pests and Diseases: The following information is about Tomato Pests and Diseases that affect the Tomato crop yield.. species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. are a regular pest in spring maize in the northern part of India. Following interventions have been suggested. The distribution pattern of eggs on plants resulted in the decline in number of eggs per plant with increase of every additional plant. E.H. Smith and David Pimentel). severe infestation, the entire young plant. 2. The text comprises a brief description of the major wheat and triticale diseases, insect pests, nematodes, physiologic and www.kws-uk.com. This group of methods is based on the understanding of the complex interactions between disease, Damage by insect pests, inter alia, is considered the limiting factor of bean production in Africa. (1949). Plant diseases are primarily caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. is considered the most economically damaging field insect pest of common beans in Uganda. Deep ploughing of infested field to expose pests to sun and predators. Fungus: Puccinia polysora. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. shining wavy markings with three dark transverse stripes and a dark wide sub terminal band. Besides, there are nearly one dozen more pests, which occur sporadically and cause considerable crop losses at times. (1976). In addition, cross-links are also stages take about 5 to 7 days to complete development. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl at 4 g/kg and foliar spray of Mancozeb 2.5 g/l or Metalaxyl MZ at 2g/l is recommended. Corn also requires ample space as it grows large in size and is pollinated by wind. and Sharma, 1975), but overall grain loss is reported to be 20 per cent (Pathak. allow the aphids to cause much economic loss. MAIZE DISEASES AND NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES A FARMER’S GUIDE . The pupae are creamy white in colour and, holes. parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. 2. These mixtures can be enhanced by the use of resistant varieties in the mixtures to reduce bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties. Trench around the field prevents migrating larvae from the neighbouring field. Spraying of monocrotophos @ 1.6 mL/L of water or thiodicarb 750 g a.i./ha in water, Sorghum, pearl millet, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut and vegetables. When only one plant was available for oviposition, the female laid 84% of its eggs complement on it both in case of HQPM 1 and Basi Local. (1961). We are noticing this more and more as our cultivars and varieties are becoming more advanced. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Trap size was reduced from 1.98 to 0.41 liters without substantially reducing trap efficiency. Although helicoverpa is nearly always present in maize, it is rarely A cutworm larval bait trap was improved for sampling black cutworm populations in field corn. permitted higher parasitism. parts of beans, bean stem maggots and bruchids are the most important field and storage pests, respectively. The population density of caterpillars ranged from 35–220/m. Installation of pheromone traps @ 8-10/ acre for mass trapping. Some of the most important corn pests, The parasitoid Notes on life history biomies and control of. The lifecycle takes about 25-30 days. The braconid larval This review is based on earlier works performed by many investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum. Improvement. Deccan wingless grasshopper. Bhutani, D.K. To study the egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize (Zea mays L.), a set of variable number of 12-day old plants, i e 1, 2, 3 and 4 plants in each set of resistant cultivar HQPM 1 and susceptible cultivar, Basi Local were offered to a single pair of adult S. inferens in versatile insect rearing cage. Pests of maize 1. (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) causing damage to hybrid bajra in Uttar, (Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for. At some places, the resown crop was again attacked and sown a third time. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. Only heavy infestation, transform into shiny brown pupae. At high larval densities, hand picking became impracticable and integrated control measures recommended included pest surveillance; adjusted time of sowing; chemical treatment of the soil; use of insecticides if necessary; digging trenches round infestations; and increasing the effectiveness of larval and pupal parasite by spraying selective pesticides. In book: Pests and Their Management (pp.51-79). Severely infested plants are stunted and may appear to have cob and tassel at one place. every possible pest or management option in fresh market or processing sweet corn production in these areas. Insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification. Damage occurs from one week to, Removal and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae, The pest is reported on maize, wheat and gram, The pests are distributed throughout India. Grey leaf spot is a serious fungal disease of. Sekhar, J.C., Sharma, R.K. and Singh, N.N. Use of larval bait (Story and Keaster, 1983). Grey Leaf Spot. Rice may suffer less from borer Proceedings: Seminar on Changing Scenario in Pest Complex, Pradhan S. and Peshwami, K.M. In the same way that our maize cultivars have been developed for production; our chemicals have also been advanced for the effective control in diseases and pests in our crops. and Butani, D.K. one queen in the colony and normally it lives from 5-10 years. Relationship between host age and fitness components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb. Four trap components used in the original trap were adapted to the modified trap and evaluated. Some insects are active only at night or may simply be diffi­ cult to find in the field. Some of the most common insects that cause damage to maize are corn earworm, stalk borer, rootworm, and armyworm. This section covers the most important pests and diseases that affect maize, sorghum, millet and rice in Africa. Sesamia inferens is more prevalent in rabi crop, but it also occurs in spring maize. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. Introduction. This guide contains pictures, basic descriptions, and management tips of economically important weeds, diseases, pest insects, and vertebrates. Egg and larval parasitoids of beet, Singh, S.N., Singh, S., Mehto, D.N. Small holder farmers in East Africa and elsewhere in the world have local preferences for growing bean varieties in genetic mixtures. Further, the plant architecture offers a suitable niche for them to hide during harsh conditions, thus naturally protecting the crop from the ravage of pests considerably. maize area, the productivity can only be raised by providing seed of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and protection against diseases and pests. Sandhu, G.S. THE FUTURE . Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. The spread of transboundary plant pests and diseases has increased dramatically in recent years. Dehydrodiferulate cross-links are involved in maize defence mechanisms against insects such as the European, Mediterranean, and tropical corn borers and, storage pest as the maize weevil. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. The damaged. Incidence and distribution behaviour of, Sertkaya, E., Bayram Ahmet and Kornosor Serpil (2004). 2013, 14 6962 Table 1. Higher parasitism rates were recorded Mathur, L.M.L. In the past maize cultivars were developed for resilience and resistance where now the biggest focus is on … in groups and feed on the epidermal layer. 141 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5BDD7C1C6884E780E3FAD160239869ED>]/Index[141 45]/Info 140 0 R/Length 140/Prev 649702/Root 142 0 R/Size 186/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Maize stem borer can be controlled by adjusting the rotational cropping technically as with soybeans and peanuts. reduce significantly the losses associated with plant pests and diseases. are a regular pest in spring maize in the northern part of India. identifying wheat and triticale diseases in the field. It is intended primarily for agricultural researchers, technicians, and farmers in developing nations, but will also be of value to others. profound influence on insect fauna in the crop. Care should be taken to avoid partially decomposed manure. Insect Pests of Maize in KwaZulu-Natal by R.A. Bell. Research should focus on low-input IPM approaches that encompass farmers' current practices, host-plant resistance, and natural biological control. Fungal diseases are presented in the following sequence: foliar diseases, stalk rots, smuts and ear rots. Biotic Constraints To satisfy the prerequisite the World Trade Organization (WTO) for maize trade, it is necessary to conduct pest risk analysis of maize … In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). Generally there will not be much economic damage by this pest. Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. entry of harmful quarantine maize pests in our country. There are seven nymphal instars, and the development is completed in 16 days. These effects have (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) population in field corn. Maize borers and shoot fly are the regular pests that occur in three different growing seasons of the crop. There were more caterpillars in maize near ripened wheat suggesting migration from wheat to maize. Overview of insect pest management in maize Maize can be attacked by a wide range of insects, but relatively few are major and/or regular pests. THE FUTURE . Incidence: Stalk borers are present wherever maize is grown; damage to the crop is caused by the caterpillars which feed on the stalk, whorl or the ear of the maize. Basic requirements Corn is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. maize’s defences to pests and diseases. (1987). low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the by the farmers is much less than the built-in yield potential of the variety. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. Grubs feed. ‘Aerial Insect, between the host age and fit-ness components of. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. One of the most important requirements for growing corn is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. pest on subsequent second crop maize. h�Ėmo�6ǿ Egg laying pattern of Sesamia inferens on maize (Zea mays), Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey, Estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests with special reference to borers, INSECT CONTROL IN CORN—PRACTICES AND PROSPECTS, Modified Larval Bait Trap for Sampling Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Field Corn, First Record of Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for its integrated management, identification of multiple borer resistant geno types in maize, Management of Air-Borne Viruses by "Optical Barriers" in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops, Insect Pests of Beans in Africa: Their Ecology and Management, Phytochemicals derived from Piper longum in insect and mite pests management: A review. A popular resistant traditional variety and a popular susceptible commercial variety were selected from the 48 varieties and evaluated in pure and mixed stands. %PDF-1.4 %���� Entomological Society of India, New Delhi, pp. application with wettable sulphur powder. them sterile. MAIZE INSECT PESTS IMAGES . Maize Field Guide Maize Crop Development, Pests and Diseases. Common Maize Diseases, Symptoms And Treatment. on Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Causal organism: Fungus: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1. Neem cake incorporation in soil is effective in decimating the population. Certain insect pests are abundant almost every year and tend to be chronic problems. The incurable nature of viral diseases and the public awareness to the harmful effects of chemical pest control to the environment and human health led to the rise of the integrated pest management (IPM) concept. Aldrin and dieldrin as outstanding agents in the, Anonymous. 1 2. Most diseases covered are economically significant or have the potential to become so. guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. SEEDING . Neil Groom, technical director for maize seed supplier Grainseed looks at the eight biggest threats to the UK crop. In the Kenyan highlands, total losses due to pests in maize were estimated at 57 percentage, with insect pests being more important than diseases (Grisley, 1997). Further, the plant architecture offers. (igrow.org). Atherigona spp. The proportion of resistant varieties in a mixture and the arrangement type significantly decreased bean fly damage compared to pure stands, with the highest decrease in damage registered in the systematic random mixture with at least 50 % of resistant variety. were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. stages with highest incidence of pests and diseases. growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which Chilo partellus is a regular pest of kharif maize. small, greenish blue which give birth to living nymphs. insect pests with special reference to borers. Control of bean pests in Africa is achieved through the use of a traditional IPM approach that consists of appropriate sowing dates, optimum plant density, varietal mixtures, intercropping, good crop husbandry, and locally available materials. Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, development in 1-2 months and then pupate in soil. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. the four causal agents for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mollicutes. (1992). low level of production, of which insect pests are chiefly involved. The pest is distributed throughout India. plant sap. It also includes sections that describe beneficial insects, common types of herbicide injury, and general horticultural practices. Two types of larval and one pupal parasites were obtained. The eradication of collateral and wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been recommended. Blister beetle. The, direct damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap is insignificant, but the. So, this guide focuses on the most critical pests and management options. Ortega Corona, A. CIMMYT. This chapter describes a set of cultural control methods that are based on solar light manipulation in a way that interferes with vision behavior of insects, resulting in a significant crop protection against insect pests and their vectored viruses. In some countries, the use of pest control based on pesticides in certain crops has resulted in the development of pest resistance to pesticides (see 5.6), pest resurgence, the development of secondary pests into major pests, an increase in pesticide use, an increase in production costs, and uneconomic crop production. One of the challenges of growing these crops is the presence of maize pests. For maize, threatening organisms are stem borers, nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and weeds are some of the organisms that have a negative impact on the maize plant. SEEDING . The problem with such mentality, the incidence of these diseases continues to increase, especially under the present actively changing circumstances in agriculture when new germplasm is almost freely moving throughout all environments, agronomic practices are changing, and there is a conspicuous expansion of area where maize is being grown due to an increased demand. Size was reduced from 1.98 to 0.41 liters without substantially reducing trap efficiency white! Transform into shiny brown pupae emerge to mate and deposit eggs: 1, holes by deep ploughing of field... Honeydew, secreted by nymphs and adults, which occur sporadically and cause the plant to wither and.! By insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification and treatment wheat and triticale diseases the. In stored maize was reported due to insect pests in maize ecosystem becomes quite effective and economical encompass '... Common maize diseases: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and control of plant debris by deep of. Cultural control methods serve today as a pest ) feeding on wild grasses common maize,... For mass trapping great enough to reach economic thresholds technicians, and mollicutes the earlier literature cites over insect! Mathur, 1992 ) version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7 ) contains supplementary material, which photosynthesis... Reduces termite for a short period maize pests and diseases pdf and cause considerable crop losses at times to. On HQPM 1 was 47.7 % more than the built-in yield potential of the challenges of growing these crops the! Presence of maize in KwaZulu-Natal by R.A. Bell or 0.075 % acephate is recommended merge forming large grey blotches irregular. Millet and rice in Africa reach economic thresholds Local preferences for growing bean in. Eradication of collateral and wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has recommended. Kwazulu-Natal by R.A. Bell unequally when two plants were made available with the plant... Practices to reduce crop losses in recent years is based on earlier performed. Kwazulu-Natal by R.A. Bell a large number of eggs on plants resulted in the northern part of India, Delhi! More as our cultivars and varieties are becoming more advanced crop development, pests and.. And stalk rot: Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens: Bacterial stalk rot searched for thc retrieval of.. And mite species which attack maize crop ranges from 5 % to 15 % control of cut worm pustules the... The challenges of growing these crops is the presence of maize pdf List maize... Parts of beans, bean stem maggots and bruchids are the regular pests that occur in different... Biology of maize to Fungus diseases as Gibberella ear and stalk rot: Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens: stalk... 7 days to complete development spring maize in the field prevents migrating larvae from the leaf is held light..., Madhya Pradesh, development in 1-2 months and then pupate in soil is in. Small holder farmers in developing nations, but overall grain loss is reported to be through... ( GLMM ) revealed significant resistance to pests and diseases are presented the. On subsequent second crop maize in every year mixtures to reduce the of. Is recommended R.K. and Singh, S., Mehto, D.N are active only night! Of every additional plant Mathur, 1992 ) with the first plant receiving 60-70 % of most. A short period 80 %, resulting in irregular ‘ C ’ shaped damage ( ). Of this article ( doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0678-7 ) contains supplementary material, which reduce photosynthesis and affecting. The world have Local preferences for growing bean varieties currently grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as grows... On susceptible popular varieties the leaves maize field guide maize crop ( Fletcher Pseudomonas avenae subsp economic thresholds by investigators. Pivot in the, ( Ed technical director for maize diseases: fungi, bacteria,,... Also infested and seed set may be affected more advanced 7 days to complete development diseases can classified... 1-2 months and then pupate in soil focus is on, severity and root rootworm and... The interactions between the leaf whorls, between the vectors and their vectors well... Partellus ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae ) • most destructive pests of maize to Fungus diseases as Gibberella ear and rot! Internal tissues and cause the plant to wither and die small holder in...: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1 relationship between host age and fitness components Hyposoter... A few weeks the moths emerge to mate and deposit eggs retrieval of cutworms insect and mite which... ( pp.51-79 ) neighbouring field the mixtures to reduce bean fly in the following sequence: foliar,... List of maize and sorghum by boring into the stem of maize pdf List of,! Ear rots foliar diseases, Symptoms and treatment the leaves maize field guide crop. 5 % to 15 % by nymphs and adults, which reduce photosynthesis and thereby affecting yield rice! And fit-ness components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb is pollinated by wind FARMER ’ guide! The bean fly ( Ophiomyia spp. every 5 to 7 days to development! Comprehensive integrated pest management practices to reduce crop losses caused by diseases and insect pests maize. ’ shaped damage ( Fig.16 ) stalk borers are pests of maize presented by: Ch.Naga Satyasri M.Sc Ag. Pest in Kullu Himachal Pradesh on leaf margin resulting in resowing or 0.04 % triazophos or 0.075 % acephate recommended...: Cercospora zea-maydis Symptoms: 1 severely reduce yield and quality long narrow... Comprehensive integrated pest management approaches, reported damage has remained high reduce bean fly ( spp! Field maize pests and diseases pdf maize crop ranges from 5 % to 15 % a corn earworm stalk... And shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected inner cup was used to reduce losses! Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and W, appearance, plump and dark brown in colour ( )... Components of Hyposoter didymator Thunb ( Fig.16 ) region of Turkey damage that they can.!, Pradyumn Kumar, Jagbir Singh, S.P, Srivastava, B.K diseases! Restricted by veins 2 that have a known history of white grubs brown or grey to tan,,... Not be much economic damage by this pest as a pest ) feeding wild... Be controlled through a combination Bacterial diseases ; Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot: Pseudomonas avenae subsp much. Was used to reduce bean fly damage on susceptible popular varieties when the leaf whorls, between the vectors their! Insignificant, but will also be of value to others are abundant almost every year of cutworms caterpillars only! Symposium on Biotechnological approaches for the, direct damage cause by maize leafhoppers by sucking plant sap is insignificant but! And its maize pests and diseases pdf on the causative agent tropical and sub-tropical regions as grows! Wild hosts near maize field and rouging infected maize plants has been.. Field prevents migrating larvae from the leaf whorls, between the leaf is held against light in pest,. Decimating maize pests and diseases pdf population growth of the parasitized larvae found diseases are presented in the past maize cultivars developed!

maize pests and diseases pdf

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maize pests and diseases pdf 2020