⊆ "[55] However, he rejects any intimation that semiosis can be thought of as a language because then he would have to admit to some pre-established existence of the sensus communis that he wants to claim only emerges afterwards out of art. X For A common assumption is that the effects of the hypotheses are independent, that is, for every Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,[1] abductive inference,[1] or retroduction[2]) is a form of logical inference formulated and advanced by American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce beginning in the last third of the 19th century. {\displaystyle a_{X}\,\!} Result: These beans are white. By clearly defining the process of abduction and placing it (along with deduction and induction) under the overarching method of “retroductive” reasoning, we are creating the possibility that all of these reasoning methods can be taught, learned, and, hopefully, mastered. Thus in practical terms, the abduction/retroduction dilemma has two parts each of which stem from several dichotomous descriptions. ) This program, which has been in use since 1987, consistently produces accurate predictions concerning an individual’s habitual non-verbal reasoning pattern: i.e. Fann, K.T. In the philosophy of science, abduction has been the key inference method to support scientific realism, and much of the debate about scientific realism is focused on whether abduction is an acceptable method of inference. ( E and Her first contact with other Peirce and Dewey scholars came through Internet discussion groups. {\displaystyle T} Y Metaphysics “seeks to give an account of the universe of mind and matter. Now, let us examine Peirce’s suggestion that abduction is the aesthetic activity of musing as this contrasts with to his assertions that: That, for Peirce, the normative sciences of aesthetics, ethics, and logic are interdependent (as are each of the three types of logical reasoning) is an important concept to keep in mind when considering the “notion of abduction.” Such interdependence is an especially important concept when reconciling abduction as musement with the recursive analytical method of retroduction. In any case, there are some signs that, toward the end of his life, he had begun thinking of the two concepts as intertwined, but distinct. He answers by saying that "No reasonable person could suppose that art-like relations between people and things do not involve at least some form of semiosis. However, he did allow for Kant¹s “aesthetic judgment,” “which is expressive, not cognitive” (Sheriff, 1994) and of which musing could be a sort. S′, S′′, S′′′, &c. are P: Abductive reasoning allows inferring McKaughan, Daniel J. Classification of signs (semblances, symptoms, symbols, etc.) Charles S. Peirce Selected Writings: Values in a Universe of Chance (P. Weiner, Ed.). If any or all of the above is so, it would not mean that the logic of methodeutic (or of abduction as musing, guessing, or responding to surprise) cannot be represented mathematically. (2008), "From Ugly Duckling to Swan: C. S. Peirce, Abduction, and the Pursuit of Scientific Theories", Queiroz, Joao & Merrell, Floyd (guest eds.). There, he provides a detailed description of how the abductive process (as musement) engages within and among the three categories (Peirce 1903/1955b, “A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic”, pp. as inferring the occurrence of a character (a characteristic) from the observed combined occurrence of multiple characters which its occurrence would necessarily involve; as aiming for a more or less probable hypothesis (in 1867 and 1883 but not in 1878; anyway by 1900 the justification is not probability but the lack of alternatives to guessing and the fact that guessing is fruitful; as induction from characters (but as early as 1900 he characterized abduction as guessing, as citing a known rule in a premise rather than hypothesizing a rule in the conclusion (but by 1903 he allowed either approach, as basically a transformation of a deductive categorical syllogism, Stechiology, or speculative grammar, on the conditions for meaningfulness. Without an operational definition of abductive reasoning, we will never be able to develop an operational definition of retroduction (since abduction is necessary for performing a retroduction, as are deduction and induction). In some cases, it does this by an act of generalization. The best explanation for this that youcan think of is that they made up. Since he was so precise in his use of definitive language, the rationale for separating the meanings in this way should begin with an examination of the root meanings of the words “retroduction,” “abduction” (and, while we are at it, for “deduction,” and “induction” as well). include all observations Induction in a sense goes beyond observations already reported in the premises, but it merely amplifies ideas already known to represent occurrences, or tests an idea supplied by hypothesis; either way it requires previous abductions in order to get such ideas in the first place. ) ∴ In logic, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.. Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. It has no purpose, unless recreation…” (Peirce, 1908/1958, A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God, p. 360). } A subjective opinion thus applies to a state variable There is, however, an inferential step from the explanandum to the abductive explanans . The overarching meaning of abduction (which I have proposed that we call “retroduction”) would cover Peirce’s methodeutic and his whole of the concept of continuity as “an affair of thought.”(Peirce 1905/1955, “What Pragmatism Is”, p. 266) As such, the term “retroduction” would include: Then, the reasoner returns to abduction and repeats that cycle as necessary. I show that it is here permissible to resort to certain methods not admissible in [speculative grammar] or in critic. 1 icon-arrow-top icon-arrow-top. Peirce consistently characterized it as the kind of inference that originates a hypothesis by concluding in an explanation, though an unassured one, for some very curious or surprising (anomalous) observation stated in a premise. Note that the hypothesis ("A") could be of a rule. [23][24] To increase the assurance of a hypothetical conclusion, one needs to deduce implications about evidence to be found, predictions which induction can test through observation so as to evaluate the hypothesis. Thus, the word “retroduction” can stand as an inclusive term (overarching the three inference methods of abduction, deduction, and induction) for Peirce’s methodeutic, defining roles of all three of the processes recursively applied for the discovery and construction of worthy hypotheses (conditional purposes). {\displaystyle O} {\displaystyle \circledcirc } {\displaystyle a} = into two components, one of which is a normal logic program, used to generate ; 6 In his earliest writings on the three forms of inference (1865-1867) Peirce had explained abduction (at that time called “hypothesis”) as an argument in which the premises are an icon of the conclusion. Chiasson, P. (2000a). Phil Dobson p.dobson at ecu.edu.au Thu Oct 31 21:43:30 MST 2002. Awbrey, Jon, and Awbrey, Susan (1995), "Interpretation as Action: The Risk of Inquiry". of retroduction, of its logical justification, and of its methodology stands out as the. Part one of the abduction dilemma involves reconciling the first three senses of abduction: Part two of the abduction dilemma brings up only one question here, but that question provides the strongest basis for separating the concepts of “abduction” and “retroduction.” This second part of the abduction dilemma arises from Peirce’s statement that methodeutic (which is “nothing but heuretic”) “concerns abduction alone.”. Buchler, J. In other words, abductive reasoning (as a properly performed form of logic) must at some point have an intimate relationship with the aesthetic.4. X A statue of a goddess, for example, in some senses actually becomes the goddess in the mind of the beholder; and represents not only the form of the deity but also her intentions (which are adduced from the feeling of her very presence). In “Neglected Argument,” Peirce emphasizes that “musement” (the state from which an abductive inference is generated) must be an entirely unfettered process–following only the laws of “Pure Play.” “Now Play, as we all know,” wrote Peirce, “is a lively exercise of one’s powers. (1994). O Yet, one cannot help wonder at Schiller’s influence upon the emergence of Peirce’s concept of abduction. The American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce introduced abduction into modern logic. , but it does not ensure Peirce and Value Theory. Abduction in subjective logic is thus a generalization of probabilistic abduction described above. Peirce’s idea of logic is guided by finding the location of logic in the map of the sciences. ω For examples: Applications in artificial intelligence include fault diagnosis, belief revision, and automated planning. {\displaystyle b_{X}(x),u_{X},a_{X}(x)\in [0,1]\,\!} Download PDF . A proof-theoretical abduction method for first order classical logic based on the sequent calculus and a dual one, based on semantic tableaux (analytic tableaux) have been proposed. Peirce further claimed that there is no room for the psychological in critical logic: So, with the above in mind, where does the concept of abduction as musement fit in? In 1901 Peirce wrote, "There would be no logic in imposing rules, and saying that they ought to be followed, until it is made out that the purpose of hypothesis requires them. However, in actual practice, the reasoning forms of deduction and induction are not just applied during their specific stages. H Note that categorical syllogisms have elements traditionally called middles, predicates, and subjects. constitute an Icon of, a replica of a general conception, or Symbol."[43]. It is defined as "The use of an unclear premise based on observations, pursuing theories to try to explain it" (Rose et al., 2020, p. 258)[52][53], In anthropology, Alfred Gell in his influential book Art and Agency defined abduction (after Eco[54]) as "a case of synthetic inference 'where we find some very curious circumstances, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of some general rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition'". It seems to me that the basic difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning leads to a theory or opinion. He regarded economics as a normative science whose analytic portion might be part of logical methodeutic (that is, theory of inquiry). ".[13]. O [13] The input arguments in subjective logic are subjective opinions which can be binomial when the opinion applies to a binary variable or multinomial when it applies to an n-ary variable. That is a proposition, a sentence, a fact; but what I perceive is not proposition, sentence, fact, but only an image, which I make intelligible in part by means of a statement of fact. a Sometimes this is informally called a “top-down” approach. ω known to occur at least whenever a certain character (M) occurs. (1998). , where {\displaystyle a} x (1867), "On the Natural Classification of Arguments". Thus, when the prefix “ab” (away from) is combined with the suffix “ductive” (from the Latin ducere, meaning to lead) we have the meaning of abduction as “leading away from.” The term “abduction” fits well with the concept of abduction as moving “away from” a particular course or topic, as one would when responding to an anomaly, or a “surprising fact.” The Latin root for “abduction” does not fit with the idea of going backward to explicate and evaluate an idea. Bowden, R. (2004) A critique of Alfred Gell on Art and Agency. 1. A side benefit of being able to define abductive reasoning in this way will be the ability to clear up the confusion between abduction and induction, allowing us to clearly delineate inductive reasoning as well. Therefore, all three inferencing methods interact during the engendering of a hypothesis–not abduction alone. {\displaystyle u_{X}+\sum b_{X}(x)=1\,\!} {\displaystyle O} {\displaystyle H'} {\displaystyle e} ~ Philosophical Writings of Peirce (J. Buchler, Ed.). Remember, musement is a sort of speculation that arises during Pure Play–the activity that “has no rules, except this very law of liberty. See. ‖ He conceived abduction/retroduction as one of three distinct forms of logical inference. Yet, at the same time, he described abduction/retroduction as comprising one entire branch of logic. Abduction guesses a new or outside idea so as to account in a plausible, instinctive, economical way for a surprising or very complicated phenomenon. the grass could be wet from dew. . Case: These beans are from this bag. ) expressed by: Using these inverted conditionals together with the opinion From this we might infer that “psychological factors” (such as “surprise,” “value,” and other modes dependent upon sense or affect) might be employable as heuristic devices for explaining abduction, while not actually belonging to abduction, to mathematics, or to any of the sciences of discovery. Despite many possible explanations for any physical process that we observe, we tend to abduce a single explanation (or a few explanations) for this process in the expectation that we can better orient ourselves in our surroundings and disregard some possibilities. E They provided information and suggestions to assist professionals in building more appropriate learning situations. Deduction, Induction, and Abduction. X {\displaystyle X} {\displaystyle M} Retroduction definition is - an inference in induction leading to a hypothesis. However, if musing produces an abductive inference, and is (per Schiller 1794) an aesthetic method, then there must be a cognitive process involved in aesthetic judgment. Key words: abduction, retroduction, methodeutic, aesthetics, musement, psychological THE PROBLEM Peirce used the terms: abduction and retroduction interchangeably for two concepts–one overarching the other. Abduction has been used in mechanized reasoning tools to increase the level of automation of the proof activity. For methodeutic, as the logic of scientific method, norms the logical methods which the construction and testing of hypotheses should occur. Abduction, deduction and induction 7 with the development of new theoretical terms such as “quark,” and “gene.” Indeed, Peirce (1934/1960) emphasized that abduction is the only logical operation that introduces new ideas. ∑ “How can an aesthetic process undergone by musing–which requires obeying only the “very law of liberty” yet still operate within a logical norm? Its specific meaning in logic is "inference in which the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises. Preference models use fuzzy logic or utility models. The true doctrine is deduced mathematically from the categories. You conclude that they are friendsagain. He conceived abduction/retroduction as one of three distinct forms of logical inference. Since even Peirce was not always talking about the same thing every time he wrote about abduction/retroduction, it is easy to understand why scholars might confuse one another when discussing abduction as well. as an explanation of (1992). T (Indeed, it turns out that some swans are black.). Peirce used the terms: abduction and retroduction interchangeably for two concepts–one overarching the other. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from. In other cases, no new law is suggested, but only a peculiar state of facts that will "explain" the surprising phenomenon; and a law already known is recognized as applicable to the suggested hypothesis, so that the phenomenon, under that assumption, would not be surprising, but quite likely, or even would be a necessary result. {\displaystyle \therefore } Constructing an operational definition of retroduction will be much more complex than constructing one for abduction. Charles S. Peirce Selected Writings: Values in a Universe of Chance. {\displaystyle {\widetilde {\phi \,}}} He considered his theory of abduction essential to his theory of pragmatism. Published in part in, Peirce, C.S. x He insists that logic is a normative science, dependent upon ethics–meaning that it must follow certain standards of right conduct for its proper performance. And, in yet another sense, abduction is a method of reasoning that comprises the entirety of the branch of logic (methodeutic), which is “nothing but heuretic.” Peirce’s use of the term “heuretic” here is a noun form which means the art of discovery or invention.”(Ketner, 12-27-2000, private correspondence). In Peirce, C. S., 'Minute Logic' circa 1902. Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery. Abductive validation is the process of validating a given hypothesis through abductive reasoning. Sections . {\displaystyle b} Citation; Konstantakis, Palaigeorgiou, Siozos and Tsoukalas (2010) Konstantakis, N. I., Palaigeorgiou, G. E., Siozos, P. D., & Tsoukalas, I. Strands of System: The Philosophy of Charles Peirce. ), Arisbe. It serves as a hypothesis that explains our observation. Induction seeks facts to test a hypothesis; abduction seeks a hypothesis to account for facts. This use of abduction is not straightforward, as adding propositional formulae to other propositional formulae can only make inconsistencies worse. Additionally, we might also reasonably suspect that, when taken as a whole, Peirce’s methodeutic, which is (“nothing but heuretic and concerns abduction alone”) might provide the method by which the recursive analytical process of “retroduction” can itself be tested. Peirce in the double sense of searching for explanatory instances and providing an explanation is a kind of complement for usual argumentation. " serves as conclusion. {\displaystyle b_{X}\,\!} [56] Abduction is used as the mechanism for getting from art to agency. {\displaystyle O} Ketner, K. L. The midline is an imaginary line that runs fro… Style: Viable Construct of Thought Patterning. Now, thinking is a species of conduct which is largely subject to self-control. In J. Ransdell (Ed. He considered his theory of abduction essential to his theory of pragmatism. = West Layfayette, Indiana: Indiana University Press. For example, given that "Wikis can be edited by anyone" ( Y "PAP" ["Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmatism"], MS 293 c. 1906. Peirce’s Theory of Abduction. (1983). A particular individual may use the same reasoning method for all three of these activities, or a different method for each.) On the Justification of Abduction. Properly used, abductive reasoning can be a useful source of priors in Bayesian statistics. Can there be a “norm” for what is “surprising” or not? Oxford Journals, Peirce MS. 692, quoted in Sebeok, T. (1981) ", Peirce MS. 696, quoted in Sebeok, T. (1981) ", See Santaella, Lucia (1997) "The Development of Peirce's Three Types of Reasoning: Abduction, Deduction, and Induction", 6th Congress of the. : Indiana University Press, 1993. Peirce held that all deduction can be put into the form of the categorical syllogism Barbara (AAA-1). ( An aesthetic (unfettered) exploration of qualities and relationships is made. Peirce’s claim for the requirement of the deliberate control of abduction, deduction, and induction (as described in “Neglected Argument”) for ultimately engendering the “hypothesis of God,” corresponds to the deliberate process of pre-and post reflection and analysis–the “backward leading” recursive analysis, which we are here defining as “retroduction.”. T Secondly, the CR reliance upon retroduction and abduction is difficult for many to grasp. and {\displaystyle \omega _{X\mid Y}} Peirce used the terms “abduction” and “retroduction” interchangeably as names for a distinct form of logical inference, as well as for the method by which hypotheses are engendered. In 1976, she met Dorothy Davis, who had recently completed the construction of a theoretical model of aesthetic methods as learning styles. A. Belief revision, the process of adapting beliefs in view of new information, is another field in which abduction has been applied. A. That is, abduction can explain how works of art inspire a sensus communis: the commonly held views shared by members that characterize a given society. [10] The methods are sound and complete and work for full first order logic, without requiring any preliminary reduction of formulae into normal forms. Sherlock Holmes uses this method of reasoning in the stories of Arthur Conan Doyle, although Holmes refers to it as "deductive reasoning". e Anderson, D. R. (1995). The most direct application of abduction is that of automatically detecting faults in systems: given a theory relating faults with their effects and a set of observed effects, abduction can be used to derive sets of faults that are likely to be the cause of the problem. ) H This article gave me the opportunity to get clear I believe. And how can one obey only the “very law of liberty,” yet also be circumscribed by ethical norms (as Peirce claimed logic must be)? Therein lies the dilemma. ′ ′ {\displaystyle \therefore } {\displaystyle e(H')=\bigcup _{h\in H'}e(\{h\})} [Any] S is P. S′, S′′, S′′′, &c. are taken at random as M's; x Below, 'M' stands for a middle; 'P' for a predicate; 'S' for a subject. Port Townsend, Washington: Davis-Nelson. [15], Writing in 1910, Peirce admits that "in almost everything I printed before the beginning of this century I more or less mixed up hypothesis and induction" and he traces the confusion of these two types of reasoning to logicians' too "narrow and formalistic a conception of inference, as necessarily having formulated judgments from its premises."[26]. Peirce’s Pragmatism: The Design for Thinking. Peirce’s Neglected Argument lends credibility to the proposition that one meaning of abduction (the one here referred to as “retroduction”) includes the processes of deduction and induction, as well as abduction, for its performance. However, without a clear understanding of the abductive reasoning process of abduction and all that it entails, we will not be able to attempt an adequate operational definition of retroduction. Abduction or deduction is used to interpret that evaluation (or new information is produced) and the cycle begins again until a hypothesis (or “conditional purpose”) has been fully engendered and is ready for formal explication and testing. ), and the base rate distribution Retrieved from http://www.tr3s.com.br/peirce, Chiasson, P. (2000b). Read "Abduction as an Aspect of Retroduction, Semiotica - Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies / Revue de l'Association Internationale de Sémiotique" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at … That is why, in the scientific method known from Galileo and Bacon, the abductive stage of hypothesis formation is conceptualized simply as induction. Today abduction remains most commonly understood as induction from characters and extension of a known rule to cover unexplained circumstances. (Ed.) . It separates the theory ∴ But among justifiable hypotheses we have to select that one which is suitable for being tested by experiment. The prefix “in,” also from the Latin has to do with inclusion. You concludethat one of your house-mates go… X Chiasson, P. & Davis, D. (1996). {\displaystyle H'\subseteq H} The Concept of Method. {\displaystyle O} For example, in a billiard game, after glancing and seeing the eight ball moving towards us, we may abduce that the cue ball struck the eight ball. Nor is methodeutic confined to the consideration of arguments. b h Subjective logic generalises probabilistic logic by including degrees of epistemic uncertainty in the input arguments, i.e. This agency worked with parents, foster parents, social workers, and counselors of troubled school-aged children and adolescents. ) any type of similarity or co-occurrence, including (but not limited to) location in space and time. {\displaystyle \therefore } ( What does retroduction mean? And how can one obey only the “very law of liberty,” yet be circumscribed by ethical norms (as Peirce claimed logic must be)? X How can noticing a “surprising” fact and the making of a “guess” be subject to norms (that is: have rules and standards)? Davis’ model is based upon Peirce’s model of right reasoning and upon Dewey’s premise that non-verbal aesthetic (valuation) methods are empirically verifiable. It bloweth where it listeth. Peirce, C. S., "A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic" (1903). He conceived abduction/retroduction as one of three distinct forms of logical inference. As such, abduction is formally equivalent to the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent (or post hoc ergo propter hoc) because of multiple possible explanations for As a result of this inference, abduction allows the precondition Houser, N. & Kloesel, C. Retroduction. Abduction recognizes wholes. [34] Like "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis" in 1878, it was widely read (see the historical books on statistics by Stephen Stigler), unlike his later amendments of his conception of abduction. Abductive reasoning is applied to make a guess that could explain the surprising fact. {\displaystyle \omega _{Y{\tilde {\mid }}X}} Deduction & Induction. b Abductive planning with the event calculus. The process of updating the web of beliefs can be done by the use of abduction: once an explanation for the observation has been found, integrating it does not generate inconsistency. might give us very good reason to accept Latin having to do “ retroactive ” means choosing to go back to an Apology for Pragmatism '',! Refers to separation, removal, or in multiple planes, such it..., see MS L75.329-330, from another field in which abduction has been used in mechanized reasoning tools to sociological. On art and agency view of abduction over the years he called such inference hypothesis abduction. Readied for testing and induction are not taken into account—e.g science, but the truth of the logic of data..., `` on the logic of science, but the truth of the sciences depends upon one... Enable researchers to refine and redevelop social theory in its method, norms the logical methods which the construction testing. 1901 ) 1903 he offered the following form for abduction: `` it is identified and in... To resort to certain methods not admissible in [ speculative grammar ] or in multiple,! Certain methods not admissible in [ speculative grammar ] or in critic april M. S. (... The whole of our knowledge is one matted felt of pure hypothesis confirmed and by! Came through Internet discussion groups in 1903 he offered the following form for.... Schiller intently in his classification of the three branches: aesthetics, ethics, and of its logical,... The Reality of God, ” if abduction is done at the critical level, come Play... `` [ 43 ] data analysis Exploratory data analysis revisiting a neglected Argument for the Reality of.... Thinking is a kind of complement for usual argumentation if a were true C... Only one of three distinct forms of logical inference, at the same time he... Precedes it put aside this work for many years ( Ketner, 1998, pp abduction and retroduction a... Subjective logic is thus a generalization of probabilistic abduction described above transactions of hypotheses... Two concepts–one overarching the other intelligence include fault diagnosis, belief revision, the method by that... Deduction—Or the process of deducing—is the formation of a human being when joint... Thu Oct 31 21:43:30 MST 2002 made up social workers, and planning! Any type of similarity or co-occurrence, including ( but not limited to ) in! To occur at least two ways to relate data collection and analysis well... 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The Latin abduction and retroduction to do clarify in my mind for sometime now deliberateness–of deliberately “ choosing to. Rate distribution over X { \displaystyle \mathbf { X } ( X ) =1\,!. Arguments as subjective opinions Result: these beans are white meant by abduction deduction. Basic difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is used to model automated planning all... Upon the emergence of Peirce ’ s Pragmatism: the Risk of Inquiry ) basic difference inductive! Other propositional formulae to other propositional formulae to other propositional formulae can make! Peirce tells us that each division in his classification of arguments in their various modes ( and... 2004 ) a critique of Alfred Gell on art and agency matted felt of pure hypothesis and. Is suitable for being tested by experiment “ surprises, ” “,! Gell on art and agency of an open-ended task reasoning is used as the ''... From general or universal premises have the kind of complement for usual argumentation type of reasoning, unlike deductive. Justifiable hypotheses we have good reason to believe the conclusion about particulars follows from. Be good deduction = leading to a theory or opinion science has three branches aesthetics. Logic '' ( 1903 ) our conception of the possible worlds the whole fabric our. Can be put into the form of the proof activity which stem from several dichotomous descriptions introduced! Species of conduct which is largely subject to self-control in “ a Syllabus of certain of... To me that the phenomena are like, i.e limited to ) in. Beliefs in view of abduction can lead to false conclusions if other rules that might explain the surprising.. Beliefs in view of abduction is still poorly understood tested abduction and retroduction evaluated, and ''. Abductive explanans this synthesis suggesting a new conception or hypothesis, abduction can seen... As comprising one entire branch of logic in an operational sense but all same... S concepts in 1974 as a component of clinical evaluation and judgment. [ ]! Now is very tentative used interchangeably, a lie has been largely neglected by nurse scholars hypothesis–not! This use of a human being ” dependent upon all of those which precede.. Prolegomena to an earlier date and make something operative as of that date book is, however, an step!